The very act of creating batik has strong symbolic meaning for the Javanese. According to the Indonesian tradition, each time the batik artisan executes a particular intricate pattern, the design is not only fixed to the cloth, but the meaning of the design is engraved ever more deeply in the soul of the atisan. In the Kraton, or Javanese court, batik was one of the six priyayi, "high arts" studied by the cultured Javanese gentry. Batik, along with music and dance, was considered to be a way to develop spiritual discipline.
The essence of the batik process is to produce a design on textiles through the use of a dye-resist. The resist, usually wax (but other materials such as rice paste are also employed), prevents the dye from penetrating the covered areas of the fabric, thus creating a pattern in negative. Additional wax is added to embellish the design or preserve areas in the color of the initial dye bath. The cloth is then dipped in a second dye bath. This process is repeated a number of times depending on the number of dyes involved. Producing a high quality piece of batik fabric is time consuming and requires a high degree of skill.
Click here to see a video showing the process of making hand-drawn "tulis" batik.
Batik workers sit on low stools with the cloth they are working on draped over a bamboo frame called gawanagan. Next to them is a simple kerosene stove with a small iron wok called wajan, which is filled with molten wax. The main elements of the design are usually penciled onto the fabric, but many of the details are added freehand. Very experienced artisans can wax designs, using a canting (pronounced "tjanting") directly to the cloth from memory.
Figure 1. Batik worker, Saticum, applies wax with a canting. Jojakarta, Central Java.
The canting is the most important tool of the Batik artisan. The canting is a small, thin-walled, spouted, copper vessel which resembles the bowl of a pipe. The implement is filled with molten wax and held like a stylus. The batik artist draws designs on a length of cloth using the wax that flows from the canting's tiny, downward-curving spouts. The number of spouts, their widths and endings, can be varied to achieve different effects with great precision. For fine detailed work a canting with a spout about one millimeter in diameter is used. A wider spout is used to fill in larger design areas.
To begin work the batik waxer holds the canting in the hot wax for about a minute to heat it up. Then she fills it just so - not too little, not too much - takes it out of the wax, wipes the excess from the outside of the copper bowl on the side of the pan and blows on the tip of the spout to remove any excess wax there. Her movements must be very decisive and quick in applying the wax to the cloth. Any hesitation results in a blob of wax instead of the intended small dot or line. The wax cools quickly, so after a minute or so she must dip the canting in the wax and begin again. The process takes a great deal of patience and concentration. These are qualities highly valued by the Javanese.
In order to achieve more than a vicarious understanding of the techniques of making batik, I traveled to Yogyakarta, Java, to study with a batik artist named Paksi. The young women who worked in Paksi's studio, enjoying their role as teachers, shared some of the tricks of the trade with me. Yantee showed me how to hold the cloth so that I would always be working horizontally from left to right, which is a more natural and therefore easier stroke to make. Satikum showed me how to remove my mistakes, if they were big ones (small mistakes can just be incorporated into the design). First she wet the area around the wax she wanted to remove. Then she took a knife that has been heated on the burner and alternately melted and scraped until the wax was removed. She also showed me how to clean out the spout of the canting with a broom straw when it became clogged with a little particle of dirt.
After the main design has been outlined with either solid lines or small dots, detailed ornamentation, called isen is added. The criteria for what kind and how much isen to add is somewhat of a mystery. My batik instructor, Paksi, insisted that I add whatever ornamentation I liked to my design, but when I thought I had finished he told me it needed much more ornament. When the initial waxing of the design and isen have been completed, the process is repeated on the back side to be sure that the wax has completely penetrated the fabric. This "writing" of the design on fabric is called tulis. Young girls used to learn batik waxing by waxing the back sides of their mother's work. The Indonesian word for this kind of work nerusi - 'to draw through' is used as a colloquial Solonese expression to indicate learning from the very beginning, 'the hard way. Because tulis, or hand-drawn batik, takes such a long time to complete, much batik work today is done with a cap (pronounced tjap). A cap is a stamp made with narrow strips of copper that are twisted and shaped into batik designs, then soldered to an open metal base. Melted wax for stamping is kept in a flat-bottomed pan called a layang which contains a large folded cloth that absorbs the wax and acts like a stamp pad. The cap worker dips the cap into the hot wax, then applies it to the cloth which is stretched out on a table that is padded to absorb the pressure of the stamp.
Click here to view a video of the batik process using a tjap or batik stamp.
Figure 3. Cap worker waxing initial design. The layang sits on a burner to his left and various caps hang on the wall behind him. Rumbai, Sumatra.
Once the principal design and ornamentation have been drawn or stamped on the cloth all of the parts that are not to be colored in the dying must be covered with a thick coat of wax. When the outlining is completed, the remainder of the background is filled in with wax, using a paintbrush. The process is repeated on the back side of the cloth. The cloth is now ready to be dyed.
Detail of batik piece with initial waxing completed. The background has been completely covered with wax.
Traditionally batik dyes came from natural plant sources. The most widely used was indigo blue and soga, a warm brown color made from the bark of the soga tree. Complex recipes with esoteric substances, such as chicken's blood, banana pulp, and fermented cassavas (added to the dye bath to ward off evil), were passed down through families. Dying was generally done by men. Rituals and taboos were observed to ensure a successful result. It was believed, for example, that if a man had an argument with his wife it would cause the dye to fail. Today, chemical dyes are almost universally used for batik dying.
Before the fabric is dipped in dye it must be washed with soap and water and then rinsed with clear water. There are a number of ways to apply the dye. The entire piece may be dipped in the dye bath. If more than two or three colors are to be used, colors of small details are frequently daubed on with a cotton swab, then waxed over to protect them from further dying The widely used chemical indigo dye is light activated: the initial application of the indigo dye appears reddish-brown on the cloth, but when it is exposed to sunlight it dramatically turns a deep shade of blue. The dyer must take the vagaries of the weather into account when he sets his schedule.
When the cloth has dried, new areas that are to retain the color of the first dye color are waxed. In traditional Solo batik the wax is scraped off from areas which are to be dyed brown. This results in the characteristic fuzzy color of Solonese batik. On the North Coast of Java the first wax is boiled out and the waxing process starts over again. This results in designs with clearer definition. In some modern batik design only part of the wax is removed from the background area resulting in a mottled effect. The process is repeated until all the desired colors have been dyed. After the final dying, the cloth is boiled to remove all of the wax. There is always some remnant of wax remaining in the cloth which gives batik its characteristic stiffness and lovely smell of beeswax.
Below are photos of the process of making caps (tjaps), the stamps that are used in batik production. The cap artisans use simple tools in a small workshop in Yogjakarta.
MEET THE ARTISTS
A PROMOTIONAL FLYER FROM MAHYAR, 1984
Figure 5. The dying room in the attic of Paksi's studio, Jojakarta, Central Java. The cloth is stapled to a frame that rests on the four upright posts to apply the dye. Paksi is pouring an acid solution on the fabric to activate the indigo dye.
Figure. 6. Removing the wax in a pot of boiling water.
